Web Scraping in C++: A Detailed Guide for Developers

Many programming languages offer tools and libraries for web scraping, but most tutorials focus on Python or JavaScript. C++ is less commonly used in this space, yet it remains a strong choice when performance and resource efficiency matter.

With its low-level control, fast HTTP handling, and mature parsing libraries, C++ can handle web scraping tasks effectively when set up correctly. In this guide, we’ll explore how web scraping works in C++, along with the libraries and techniques commonly used.

Why Use C++ for Web Scraping?

C++ provides fine-grained control over memory, execution speed, and system resources. This makes it well suited for:

• High-performance scraping workloads
• Long-running background services
• Integration into existing C++ systems

With libraries like libcurl for networking and libxml2 for parsing, you can build efficient and reliable scrapers.

A typical C++ web scraper performs these steps:

1. Send an HTTP request
2. Receive the HTML response
3. Parse the HTML
4. Extract and store structured data

Step 1 — Setting Up Required Libraries

To build a scraper, you need two types of libraries:

• Networking: libcurl for HTTP requests
• HTML Parsing: libxml2 for parsing and traversal

Install on Debian-based Linux

sudo apt install libcurl4-openssl-dev libxml2-dev

Install using vcpkg (Windows)

vcpkg install curl libxml2
vcpkg integrate install

These commands install the required headers and binaries for compilation.

Step 2 — Making HTTP Requests With libcurl

Below is a simple example that fetches HTML using libcurl:

#include <curl/curl.h>
#include <string>

// Callback function for libcurl
static size_t WriteCallback(void* contents, size_t size, size_t nmemb, std::string* userp) {
    userp->append((char*)contents, size * nmemb);
    return size * nmemb;
}

std::string request(const std::string& url) {
    CURL* curl = curl_easy_init();
    std::string html;

    if (curl) {
        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());
        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, WriteCallback);
        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &html);
        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, "Mozilla/5.0");

        curl_easy_perform(curl);
        curl_easy_cleanup(curl);
    }

    return html;
}

This function:

• Sends a GET request
• Captures the response body
• Returns the HTML as a string

Step 3 — Parsing HTML With libxml2

Once you have the HTML, you can parse it using XPath queries.

#include <libxml/HTMLparser.h>
#include <libxml/xpath.h>
#include <iostream>

void extractLinks(const std::string& html) {
    htmlDocPtr doc = htmlReadMemory(html.c_str(), html.size(), NULL, NULL, HTML_PARSE_NOERROR);
    xmlXPathContextPtr context = xmlXPathNewContext(doc);

    xmlXPathObjectPtr result =
        xmlXPathEvalExpression((xmlChar*)"//a", context);

    if (result && result->nodesetval) {
        for (int i = 0; i < result->nodesetval->nodeNr; ++i) {
            xmlNodePtr node = result->nodesetval->nodeTab[i];
            char* content = (char*)xmlNodeGetContent(node);
            std::cout << "Link text: " << (content ? content : "") << "\n";
            xmlFree(content);
        }
    }

    xmlXPathFreeObject(result);
    xmlXPathFreeContext(context);
    xmlFreeDoc(doc);
}

This approach allows precise extraction using XPath expressions.

Step 4 — Putting It All Together

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

std::string request(const std::string& url);
void extractLinks(const std::string& html);

int main() {
    std::string url = "https://example.com";
    std::string html = request(url);

    if (!html.empty()) {
        std::cout << "Fetched HTML successfully.\n";
        extractLinks(html);
    } else {
        std::cout << "Failed to retrieve content.\n";
    }

    return 0;
}

Compile with:

g++ main.cc -lcurl -lxml2 -std=c++11

Handling More Advanced Scenarios

Using cpp-httplib

#include <httplib.h>

httplib::Client client("https://example.com");
auto res = client.Get("/");
if (res && res->status == 200) {
    std::cout << res->body << "\n";
}

This header-only library simplifies HTTP requests.

Parsing HTML With Gumbo

#include <gumbo.h>

void findLinks(GumboNode* node) {
    if (node->type != GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT) return;

    if (node->v.element.tag == GUMBO_TAG_A) {
        GumboAttribute* href =
            gumbo_get_attribute(&node->v.element.attributes, "href");
        if (href) std::cout << "Href: " << href->value << "\n";
    }

    for (auto child : node->v.element.children.data) {
        findLinks(static_cast<GumboNode*>(child));
    }
}

Gumbo handles malformed HTML well and is useful for complex pages.

Common Challenges in C++ Web Scraping

• Manual memory management
• JavaScript-rendered content not available via HTML
• Anti-bot measures (CAPTCHAs, IP blocks)
• Retry logic and scaling complexity

Why Teams Use Managed Scraping Services

Managed platforms such as MrScraper help teams avoid infrastructure overhead by offering:

• Proxy rotation and anti-bot handling
• JavaScript rendering
• Structured JSON output
• Simple API-based integration

Conclusion

Web scraping in C++ is a powerful option when performance and control matter. By combining libraries like libcurl, libxml2, Gumbo, or cpp-httplib, developers can build efficient scraping tools tailored to specific needs.

While C++ requires more setup than higher-level languages, it excels in speed, reliability, and system-level integration—making it a strong choice for high-performance scraping applications.